“Abandoning diplomacy for confrontation.....is a dive over a cliff,” - Antonio Guterres, UN Chief

Peacekeeping can be defined as external intervention using military personnel in a conflict between two or more groups usually to stop each side from using violence against the other. These conflicts can be between states or within states. Peacekeeping also includes police officers and civilians with expertise in various fields like conflict resolution, justice and economics.   This paper takes a look at how different international institutions go about peace keeping operations with the key one being the United Nations and how it has worked with regional organizations in line with the United Nations (UN) Charter captured under Chapter VIII. Such dual-arrangements are what is called hybrid peacekeeping. It is where international actors partner with local actors to develop their capacity of conflict prevention and resolution. This ensures more ownership and inclusivity especially at the national and regional level. However, there must be political will for hybrid peacekeeping to be succe

  ABSTRACT This paper aims to discuss how different cultures both individualistic and collectivist, handle conflicts. There is no question that when it comes to studies on culture, Africa has generally been ignored. Despite the fact that Africans are grouped under collectivist cultures, their way of handling conflict may not necessarily be similar to how for instance Asians do it. Therefore, this paper aims to encourage a discussion on how conflicts were and are managed in the African context after looking at all the generalities.   HOW DIFFERENT CULTURES PERCEIVE AND MANAGE CONFLICT Every society has a culture and every society has a conflict to deal with. It is said that to err is human and since human beings do make mistakes that end up in disagreements or conflicts, there has to be a way to resolution. This paper will look at how different cultures perceive and go about resolving such conflicts. There is no doubt that culture shapes our perceptions and determines what we view

In introducing her thesis, Mary Wurtz opines that by relying on firsthand accounts from defectors, her key intention is to understand why North Koreans consume foreign media despite the danger it brings, the methods they use to access that information and the role that consumption has had on their perceptions. She adds that for the purposes of this project, foreign media means “any cultural product produced outside of North Korea, typically with a non-North Korean audience in mind.” Since it is illegal in North Korea to access radio, books or music not allowed by the state, the perils of being found doing so can include imprisonment, torture and public execution which can extend to your family members too. Despite the fact that the all-powerful Korean Worker’s Party is designated as the only legal source of information, North Koreans still take the risk to access content produced outside the state. An environment has been created whereby citizens do not trust anyone hence spy on each

A review of the article titled ‘Playing Cold War politics’: the cold war in Anglo-Kenyan relations in the 1960s by Poppy Cullen Cullen (2018) seeks to show the leverage newly independent states specifically Kenya had over great powers during the Cold War- an ideological battle between the capitalist leaning states led by the likes of Britain and the United States against communist or socialist leaning states led by the likes of China and the Soviet Union. The article looks at Kenya’s foreign policy in the 1960s and having been colonized by Britain how it still sought to maintain those ties although the author’s central argument is to address the level of agency Africans had in shaping and directing these relationships as the Cold War went on. This is in contrast to what had been covered by other scholars who focused more on the agency of the superpowers (Cullen, 2018, p.38). In reference to the writings of Reynolds and McKay, the author opines that the Cold War provided Africans with

A review of the article titled ‘Kenya's foreign policy in context (1963–2015)’  by Faith Mabera In the introductory page of her article, Faith Mabera (2016) asserts that in reviewing Kenya’s foreign since independence, the intention is to establish evidence of continuity, get the key themes as well as factors both within and outside the state that influence the conduct of foreign policy. In looking at the context, she argues that the ‘Africa Rising’ narrative which seeks to change the image of how Africa is viewed has similarities with what Kenya seeks to attain with Vision 2030 meant to transform the state into a middle-income country. Another context entails Kenya’s geographical position in the Horn of Africa surrounded by states with prolonged internal conflicts that have a spillover effect pushing regional peace and security to the top of Kenya’s foreign policy goals. As a regional kingpin, Kenya has had to play an extensive role in peace building through multilateral and sof

Former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in her biography describes Uhuru Kenyatta as capitalist and western schooled because of their family businesses and having studied in America respectively. Anderson (2003) asserts that Uhuru belongs to the powerful lineage of the Kenyatta family and was thrown into national politics by President Daniel Arap Moi untested and inexperienced. He was Moi’s chosen successor but lost to Mwai Kibaki in the 2002 general elections. He later joined Kibaki’s administration as Deputy Prime Minister in the coalition government. After being indicted by the International Criminal Court over the 2007-8 post-election violence together with William Ruto, the two used radio stations like Kameme FM and Kass FM to portray themselves as victims (International Crisis Group [ICG], 2012). According to Malik (2016), the ICC indictments enabled them to consolidate Kikuyu and Kalenjin support leading to their ascension to power in 2013 something that shows

The aim of this paper is to give a broad analysis of the circumstances that surrounded the rise of Daniel Toroitich arap Moi to become the longest serving president in the history of Kenya, starting in the year 1978 after the death of the first president Mzee Jomo Kenyatta all the way to 2002 when he handed over power. According to Kissinger (1966), foreign policy begins where domestic policy ends and that domestic structures must respond to the requirements of the environment. He then submits that the first goal of a statesman is survival. A key focus will be how the self-proclaimed ‘professor’ of politics went about his foreign policy and how the conditions at home shaped his decision making when dealing with other states. This will be presented in three parts that is his experience as he rose to power, the domestic scene and finally how he responded to the external environment.   The Rise of the ‘professor’ of Politics Daniel Arap Moi was the Chairman of Kenya African Democratic