“Abandoning diplomacy for confrontation.....is a dive over a cliff,” - Antonio Guterres, UN Chief

Global and domestic policies of the United States can be traced as far back as the period of Atlantic Slave Trade. Ani and Ojakorotu (2017) assert that slave trade was institutionalized by the European slave merchants who in collaboration with their African mercenaries began to export many Africans to America, Europe and West Indies. With time the slaves started resisting and did so successfully in Haiti from 1791-1803 under the leadership of Touissant L’Ouverture who defeated the French.      After American independence of 1776, continued interest in the developments on the African continent by those of African descent in the Americas led to the formation of groups such as The Council on African Affairs (CAA), the American Negro Leadership Conference on Africa (ANLCA) and the African Liberation Support Committee (ALSC) that worked within the United States to support African causes between 1939 and 1977. The Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) over the years emerged as an ‘unofficial’ A

  A review of the article titled ‘Master or Servant? Common Agency and the Political Economy of IMF Lending’ by Mark S. Copelovitch For a Kenyan who is worried about the debt appetite of their government and the willingness of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to feed into that appetite, there is no better time to reflect on the contents of Copelovitch’s article than now. The author looks at arguments that the IMF is the servant of the United States and other powerful member-states or if as others contend that the Fund’s professional staff act independently in pursuit of its own bureaucratic interests. According to the author, the IMF is a major player in global financial governance and this has been the case for decades now having provided emergency financing to several developing countries facing financial and currency crises or possible failure to meet their international debt obligations. The IMF issued more than $400 billion dollars in loans between 1984 and 2003 with many